Kebijakan Kanada Memperkuat Militernya di Samudera Arktik (2005-2013)

This study aims to analyze the reasons why Canada strengthen its military in the Arctic. In2005, under the leadership of Canadian prime minister, Paul Martin, Canada issuedInternational Policy Statement which emphasize the strengthening of Canadian military inthe Arctic. Furthermore, since 2006, under the new leadership of Canadian prime minister,Stephen Harper, Canada has announced its policy to strengthen the Canadian military in theArctic.This study uses the qualitative research methods with references taken from books, journals,papers and valid news from web. This study uses state-level analysis. The author uses neorealistperspective, and the theory of action-reaction model by Barry Buzan to analyze thequestion of the research.Since the end of the Cold War, Canadian military activity re-emerged in the Arctic region in2002, indicated by military operation and the presence of Canadian warships. In 2001,Russia claimed a region in the Arctic, which cause the territorial dispute with Canada.Russia also released the maritime doctrine in 2001, that emphasize the strengthening ofRussian naval power in the Arctic region. Under the leadership of Russian president VladimirPutin, and also to Dmitry Medvedev, Russian has strengthened its military in the Arctic bystrategic flights, Balistic misille launching, military exercises, and with construction andmodernization of Russian Northern Fleet. Russians policy to strengthen its military in theArctic is a threat to Canada, so since 2005, Canadian Government has strengthened itsmilitary in the Arctic.Key Word: Arctic Ocean, Canadian military strengthening, territorial dispute, threat

Military Uses of Ocean Space and the Developing International Law of the Sea: An Analysis in the Context of Peactime ASW

Mr. Zedalis examines the international legal prescriptions regulating peacetime military uses of ocean space other than passage through straits used for international navigation. He contrasts the approaches to possible regimes set forth in the 1958 Conventions and in UNCLOS III and assesses each. Finally, he advances which proposal is the most desirable

Military Uses of Ocean Space and the Developing International Law of the Sea: An Analysis in the Context of Peactime ASW

Mr. Zedalis examines the international legal prescriptions regulating peacetime military uses of ocean space other than passage through straits used for international navigation. He contrasts the approaches to possible regimes set forth in the 1958 Conventions and in UNCLOS III and assesses each. Finally, he advances which proposal is the most desirable

Recent Developments in the Law of the Sea 1983-1984

This Synopsis examines major events occurring between December 1983 and December 1984 that affect the law of the sea. It discusses military uses of the world\u27s ocean space that impaired free and peaceful navigation of the world\u27s seas in 1984, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and related issues, marine environment pollution, marine mammals, Antarctica, and the St. Georges Bank controversy

The Seabed Arms Control Issue 1967-1971: A Superpower Symbiosis

Advances in marine engineering, life support, and other technologies are continuing to render the ocean floor at increasing depths accessible for resource exploitation, scientific research, and, potentially, military uses. The availability of high-strength steels and aluminum allows, fiberglass reinforced plastic, titanium, and beryllium could presage the construction of submarine hulls for operation at 20,000 feet-··far deeper than the record depth attained by the bathyscaphe Trieste. Nuclear energy could enable such vehicles to operate at maximum depth for extended periods

An Ecosystem is Not a Monument, and Other Challenges to Fishing in the 21st Century

The continental shelf of the United States was once the preserve of commercial fishermen. This is no longer the case. The exclusive economic zone is increasingly becoming the focus of other economically powerful, sometimes incompatible uses, including green energy, shipping, communications, mining, military exclusion zones, and conservation regions. These other uses generally have fixed boundaries. The distribution of fished species moves in relation to warming of shelf waters, presenting challenges to both federal regional fishery management councils and industry alike. There is need for continued engagement between user groups with respectful use of guiding science and legal structure to ensure reasoned access for all, and stability for economies that are reliant on ocean shelf resources, including the fishing industr

A Super-Powered Goodwill Ambassador

In the 1920s, radio in the United States was in its infancy. Only two decades earlier, in Decemher 1901, Guglielmo Marconi had successfully transmitted and received wireless signals across the Atlantic Ocean. Since then, equipment and techniques had been improved-mainly for military or maritime safety uses such as communication with ships at sea. Most early efforts involved wireless telegraphy, transmitting Morse Code by radio signals. Some experimenters, however, worked on wireless telephony and the transmission of the human voice

Toward a Virginia Ocean Plan: Lessons and Recommendations from Other States

Virginia’s ocean waters feature vast natural resources, and are used by its residents, visitors, and the military for recreation, commerce, and national security. New and intensified uses, such as offshore energy production, aquaculture, and increased shipping could impact Virginia’s ocean resources. To ensure the continued protection of these resources, while allowing them to be used sustainably, the Commonwealth is developing its first ocean management plan. Because several state agencies currently manage Virginia’s territorial sea waters, a coordinated and proactive approach is needed to effectively develop this plan. Developing a Virginia Ocean Plan can help protect the Commonwealth’s ocean resources and facilitate coordination among federal, state, and local bodies as pressures increase. Virginia can learn from the states that have already developed state ocean plans, as well as from regional ocean planning efforts. The plan can be implemented through enforceable state-level lawmaking, gubernatorial executive orders, memoranda of understanding (MOUs) between state and federal agencies, or formal adoption of its policies and guidelines by relevant state agencies. Additionally, Virginia can build upon the progress it has made regionally as a member of the Mid-Atlantic Regional Council on the Ocean (MARCO) to coordinate with neighboring states and stakeholders to successfully meet the goals of its ocean plan. This white paper analyzes several states’ ocean plans to provide lessons learned and other helpful guidance to Virginia’s ocean planning process. It then recommends potential options and topics to implement the successful practices and avoid negative experiences of other states. This abstract has been taken from the authors\u27 introduction

To sail the new ocean of space

Space effort by united state